Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Readout of sociological criticism of literary texts in Iran with reliance upon scientific articles Readout of sociological criticism of literary texts in Iran with reliance upon scientific articles 9 36 23496 FA Journal Article Ahmad Razi. PH.D. Abdullah Raaz Abstract The sociological criticism of literary texts intends to go beyond some of the apparent and contextual similarities and to present a critical interpretation of the reality that is reflected in the literary text. Within each of the approaches for sociological criticism of literature, the relationship between the literary text and societal realities is at times depicted within the framework of an intricate and indirect framework, while at other times being displayed as an analogous and direct relationship. Given the promotion of sociological criticism of literary texts, and a rise in inclination toward sociological criticism of literature in Iran; assessment of the works and accomplishments of the researchers of this domain for presentation of a true image of the current situation and perception of its capacities and shortcomings is a must. In this article, via adoption of descriptive-analytical methodology, efforts have been made to take into account the scientific articles which have been published in this domain in Iran in the past two decades. Also efforts have been underway to select thirty articles to study the quality of literary text, and the level of precision in purposeful implementation of the theories, in a bid to identify the most important shortcomings and defects of the sociological research on literature in Iran, and to analyze the factors that impact this trend. According to findings, the sociological studies on literary texts in Iran, despite their diversity, lack creativity in implementation of theories. One of the other shortcomings in this realm is the fragility of critical thoughts; focus on a shallow presentation of relationship between the text and community; indifference toward the structural relationship and concurrently maintenance of a dialectical relationship between the form and content of the literary text; severalty of theories; an inappropriate understanding of the relationship between the text and theory; fragility of methodology; an inclination toward diminution; misunderstanding of texts; and lack of unity between the theories and implementation of theories. Ahmad Razi. PH.D. Abdullah Raaz Abstract The sociological criticism of literary texts intends to go beyond some of the apparent and contextual similarities and to present a critical interpretation of the reality that is reflected in the literary text. Within each of the approaches for sociological criticism of literature, the relationship between the literary text and societal realities is at times depicted within the framework of an intricate and indirect framework, while at other times being displayed as an analogous and direct relationship. Given the promotion of sociological criticism of literary texts, and a rise in inclination toward sociological criticism of literature in Iran; assessment of the works and accomplishments of the researchers of this domain for presentation of a true image of the current situation and perception of its capacities and shortcomings is a must. In this article, via adoption of descriptive-analytical methodology, efforts have been made to take into account the scientific articles which have been published in this domain in Iran in the past two decades. Also efforts have been underway to select thirty articles to study the quality of literary text, and the level of precision in purposeful implementation of the theories, in a bid to identify the most important shortcomings and defects of the sociological research on literature in Iran, and to analyze the factors that impact this trend. According to findings, the sociological studies on literary texts in Iran, despite their diversity, lack creativity in implementation of theories. One of the other shortcomings in this realm is the fragility of critical thoughts; focus on a shallow presentation of relationship between the text and community; indifference toward the structural relationship and concurrently maintenance of a dialectical relationship between the form and content of the literary text; severalty of theories; an inappropriate understanding of the relationship between the text and theory; fragility of methodology; an inclination toward diminution; misunderstanding of texts; and lack of unity between the theories and implementation of theories. sociological criticism of literary texts scientific articles and literary criticism consideration of topics of concern and social realities in literary studies https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23496_0322b0ce982b6f52251120354553b363.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Short allegorical tales in Iran’s contemporary literature Short allegorical tales in Iran’s contemporary literature 37 68 23497 FA Journal Article Qodrat Qasemipour. PH.D Arash Azarpanah Abstract This article revolves round the features and types of contemporary short allegorical tales. In the contemporary literary tales, each of the authors have made use of techniques of contemporary story telling while also benefitting from ancient narration approaches and techniques such as figurative speech. The contemporary authors, based on their aesthetical goals, and at times for the purpose of concealing their critical concepts, have resorted to figurative speech. Meanwhile, there are structural and theme-related differences between the ancient and contemporary allegorical tales. In ancient allegorical tales, the author or the poet usually presents an interpretation of the allegory at the end of the allegorical tale. However, the contemporary story writers leave attainment of an understanding of the allegorical tales to readers. The contemporary authors precisely study and narrate the initial layer of the story, which is usually not the case in ancient allegorical tales. The ancient narrative authors and poets made use of the allegory to teach and reinforce their thoughts and ideas, while the contemporary authors make use of allegories in order to present social, political, and philosophical criticisms. The contemporary short allegorical talks, based on their narration structure and literary type, are divided into realistic short figurative tales, figurative tales based on magical realism, fables, figurative tales, and satirical figurative tales. The majority of themes of theses contemporary short allegorical tales revolve round social and political topics, which have been narrated based on a critical and at times bitter outlooks. Qodrat Qasemipour. PH.D Arash Azarpanah Abstract This article revolves round the features and types of contemporary short allegorical tales. In the contemporary literary tales, each of the authors have made use of techniques of contemporary story telling while also benefitting from ancient narration approaches and techniques such as figurative speech. The contemporary authors, based on their aesthetical goals, and at times for the purpose of concealing their critical concepts, have resorted to figurative speech. Meanwhile, there are structural and theme-related differences between the ancient and contemporary allegorical tales. In ancient allegorical tales, the author or the poet usually presents an interpretation of the allegory at the end of the allegorical tale. However, the contemporary story writers leave attainment of an understanding of the allegorical tales to readers. The contemporary authors precisely study and narrate the initial layer of the story, which is usually not the case in ancient allegorical tales. The ancient narrative authors and poets made use of the allegory to teach and reinforce their thoughts and ideas, while the contemporary authors make use of allegories in order to present social, political, and philosophical criticisms. The contemporary short allegorical talks, based on their narration structure and literary type, are divided into realistic short figurative tales, figurative tales based on magical realism, fables, figurative tales, and satirical figurative tales. The majority of themes of theses contemporary short allegorical tales revolve round social and political topics, which have been narrated based on a critical and at times bitter outlooks. Key terms: allegory contemporary short tales realism in contemporary tales short tales and criticism of social and political topics of importance short fables in Farsi https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23497_e689582ff82cd8e9a50d4a89f811cd77.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Reduction of temporal rules within the framework of grammatical outlines in the poems of Nima, Shamlou, Akhavan, Shafiee Kadkani, Foruq, Sepehri, and Hamid Mosaddeq Reduction of temporal rules within the framework of grammatical outlines in the poems of Nima, Shamlou, Akhavan, Shafiee Kadkani, Foruq, Sepehri, and Hamid Mosaddeq 69 98 23498 FA Journal Article Leila Kordbache. PH.D. Hussein Aqa Husseini Dahaqani. PH.D. Seyed Morteza Hashemi Baba Heydari. PH.D. Abstract Reduction of rules of the standard language; derailment from the rules governing the association of terms; addition of outward rules to the standard language; rearrangement of the grammar of sentences and adoption of inward changes in the standard language are a string of approaches considered by the majority of poets to attain a poetic language. Reduction and addition of rules lead to prominence and distinction of the poetic language. The changes made by contemporary poets in the framework of grammatical outlines, in majority of cases lead to a return to ancient forms of language and is known as one of the subgroups in the reduction of temporal rules that has distinguished the language of a number of present day poets. This study, via adoption of a formalist approach has taken into consideration the poetic language of Nima Youshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Mahdi Akhavan Saales, Shafiee Kadkani, and Foruq Farokhzad. Sohrab Sepehri, and Hamid Mosaddeq and their focus on the ancient literary models in the framework of grammatical outlines; as well as the impact of this factor on distinction of their poetic language. The study has shown that the focus of this group of contemporary poets on the framework of grammatical outlines has usually been coupled with a tendency toward the linguistic achievements of ancient literature. Leila Kordbache. PH.D. Hussein Aqa Husseini Dahaqani. PH.D. Seyed Morteza Hashemi Baba Heydari. PH.D. Abstract Reduction of rules of the standard language; derailment from the rules governing the association of terms; addition of outward rules to the standard language; rearrangement of the grammar of sentences and adoption of inward changes in the standard language are a string of approaches considered by the majority of poets to attain a poetic language. Reduction and addition of rules lead to prominence and distinction of the poetic language. The changes made by contemporary poets in the framework of grammatical outlines, in majority of cases lead to a return to ancient forms of language and is known as one of the subgroups in the reduction of temporal rules that has distinguished the language of a number of present day poets. This study, via adoption of a formalist approach has taken into consideration the poetic language of Nima Youshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Mahdi Akhavan Saales, Shafiee Kadkani, and Foruq Farokhzad. Sohrab Sepehri, and Hamid Mosaddeq and their focus on the ancient literary models in the framework of grammatical outlines; as well as the impact of this factor on distinction of their poetic language. The study has shown that the focus of this group of contemporary poets on the framework of grammatical outlines has usually been coupled with a tendency toward the linguistic achievements of ancient literature. Key terms: Poetic language and grammar reduction of rules and contemporary poems an inclination toward ancient poetry and contemporary poems outlines in contemporary poems https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23498_2fa8fadcc0c3506875c09e7e7da28835.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Rhythm and its bond with content in the odes composed by Hussein Monzavi Rhythm and its bond with content in the odes composed by Hussein Monzavi 99 126 23499 FA Journal Article Mohammad Amir Mashhadi. PH.D Mohsen Ainabadi Abstract Hussein Monzavi is one of Iran’s contemporary poets, who have left behind a number of works in verse within the framework of new and old poetic styles. His odes are among the best poems composed by this poet. This study considers the bond between the rhythm and content of his poems. In majority of his poems, he has made use of conventional themes which match the poetic rhythm. In other words, he has made use of cheerful rhythms for reflection of joy and fervor and has used mild rhythms for sad themes such as complaints and separations. Moreover, in an effort to attain goals, and to coordinate rhythm and content, he has used terms, syllables, metrical standstills, rhythmical choices, and appropriate rhymes and rows. Meanwhile, in a number of rare cases, he has chosen cheerful rhythms for sad themes, which have not been considered in this study. Mohammad Amir Mashhadi. PH.D Mohsen Ainabadi Abstract Hussein Monzavi is one of Iran’s contemporary poets, who have left behind a number of works in verse within the framework of new and old poetic styles. His odes are among the best poems composed by this poet. This study considers the bond between the rhythm and content of his poems. In majority of his poems, he has made use of conventional themes which match the poetic rhythm. In other words, he has made use of cheerful rhythms for reflection of joy and fervor and has used mild rhythms for sad themes such as complaints and separations. Moreover, in an effort to attain goals, and to coordinate rhythm and content, he has used terms, syllables, metrical standstills, rhythmical choices, and appropriate rhymes and rows. Meanwhile, in a number of rare cases, he has chosen cheerful rhythms for sad themes, which have not been considered in this study. Key terms: Contemporary Farsi poetry and rhythm contemporary Farsi odes and rhythms odes of Hussein Monzavi and their rhythm https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23499_950a9f7312a63246f7e96fe4d17a4fc6.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Reflection of a number of Zarvani beliefs in Khayyam’s quatrains Reflection of a number of Zarvani beliefs in Khayyam’s quatrains 127 148 23500 FA Journal Article Mohammad Hosein Nikdar Asl. PH.D Zabihollah Fathi Abstract The acclaimed Iranian poet, philosopher, and mathematician, Khayyam, has presented his views on the universe and mankind in the few quatrains which he has left behind. Some of his remarks and thoughts are rooted in ancient culture of Iran. Topics such as time, and the impact of the sky and stars on human life, which have been mentioned in Khayyam’s quatrains, reflect on that culture. Zarvan is an Iranian tradition, which considers the universe to be based and rooted in time. In this tradition, the sky and constellations leave an irrefutable impact on man’s life and mankind has no authority in the fate which has been registered for him. Obviously, such teachings had captured the attention of a thinker life Khayyam. In this article, topics such as destination and its functions, and fate, and return to infinity in Khayyam’s quatrains, and the works that have remained from Zarvan tradition, have been compared, and the impact of such beliefs on this poet have been manifested. Mohammad Hosein Nikdar Asl. PH.D Zabihollah Fathi Abstract The acclaimed Iranian poet, philosopher, and mathematician, Khayyam, has presented his views on the universe and mankind in the few quatrains which he has left behind. Some of his remarks and thoughts are rooted in ancient culture of Iran. Topics such as time, and the impact of the sky and stars on human life, which have been mentioned in Khayyam’s quatrains, reflect on that culture. Zarvan is an Iranian tradition, which considers the universe to be based and rooted in time. In this tradition, the sky and constellations leave an irrefutable impact on man’s life and mankind has no authority in the fate which has been registered for him. Obviously, such teachings had captured the attention of a thinker life Khayyam. In this article, topics such as destination and its functions, and fate, and return to infinity in Khayyam’s quatrains, and the works that have remained from Zarvan tradition, have been compared, and the impact of such beliefs on this poet have been manifested. Key terms: Khayyam and Zarvani tradition teachings of Zarvan tradition in classical Farsi poems Determinism constellations and Farsi poetry https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23500_5fd515799993f7602d29e8a40e09d34e.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 12 47 2015 05 22 Analysis and study of Aql-e Sorkh Treatise penned by Sohrawardi based on Todorov theory Analysis and study of Aql-e Sorkh Treatise penned by Sohrawardi based on Todorov theory 149 168 23501 FA Journal Article Majid Hushangi. PH.D Fatemeh Jafari Abstract In this study, efforts have been made to analyze and study the narrative and structural integrity of Aql-e Sorkh treatise of the acclaimed Iranian philosopher and mystic, Shahab Ed-Din Sohrawardi, based on narrative norms and the theory of literary critic, Tzvetan Todorov. Upon the consideration of role models and the grammar of the text, it was concluded that Sohrawardi has made use of the unity of narrators and has expressed four series in a narration which matches the approach of Illuminism school of thought, and has taken advantage of the element of time to exit the linear repetition, while getting close to modern narrations. Majid Hushangi. PH.D Fatemeh Jafari Abstract In this study, efforts have been made to analyze and study the narrative and structural integrity of Aql-e Sorkh treatise of the acclaimed Iranian philosopher and mystic, Shahab Ed-Din Sohrawardi, based on narrative norms and the theory of literary critic, Tzvetan Todorov. Upon the consideration of role models and the grammar of the text, it was concluded that Sohrawardi has made use of the unity of narrators and has expressed four series in a narration which matches the approach of Illuminism school of thought, and has taken advantage of the element of time to exit the linear repetition, while getting close to modern narrations. Key terms: Narrations authored by Sohrawardi analysis of Aql-e Sorkh based on Todorov theory new literary theories and classical Farsi literary texts https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23501_85bea3bb05e27edacbfd0a70ef277160.pdf