Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Afghan Socialist, Realist Poetry Current Afghan Socialist, Realist Poetry Current 9 36 23391 FA Journal Article Socialist, realist poetry is one of the important literary currents of Afghanistan in the recent decades, which has been highly promoted in the 1950s and 1960s in this country. The peak of this current transpired in late 1950s and early 1960s. the poets of this genre are modernist and usually write blank poems; although among them, poets who continue to compose classical poetry are also present. Overall, their poetry are reformist, and social in nature. This current can be divided into two groups, prior and after the year 1978. The poems composed prior to the year 1978 maintain two main approaches of stating the appalling economic and social conditions and promoting the socialist ruling system. Meanwhile, the poems composed after the year 1978 until the fall of the communist regime, revolve round a number of topics; the most important of which include promotion of the political ruling system; and focus on the status of women. Socialist, realist poetry is one of the important literary currents of Afghanistan in the recent decades, which has been highly promoted in the 1950s and 1960s in this country. The peak of this current transpired in late 1950s and early 1960s. the poets of this genre are modernist and usually write blank poems; although among them, poets who continue to compose classical poetry are also present. Overall, their poetry are reformist, and social in nature. This current can be divided into two groups, prior and after the year 1978. The poems composed prior to the year 1978 maintain two main approaches of stating the appalling economic and social conditions and promoting the socialist ruling system. Meanwhile, the poems composed after the year 1978 until the fall of the communist regime, revolve round a number of topics; the most important of which include promotion of the political ruling system; and focus on the status of women.

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23391_c70a586e24e85c37424a19296bad06f7.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Manifestations of Music in Mystical Literature Manifestations of Music in Mystical Literature 37 54 23392 FA Journal Article The goal of this article is to study the idea of universality of music; especially its status in mystical viewpoint. An analytical-descriptive methodology has been adopted in this article and the related data have been gathered from libraries and existing documents. The most important achievement of this study is that a number of musical works have attained a symbolic and spiritual format and have drawn the attention of people toward the supernatural world. Also, many musical instruments have been a symbol of spirituality. Mystical figures, in their musical works, have taken into consideration the manifestations of God Almighty The goal of this article is to study the idea of universality of music; especially its status in mystical viewpoint. An analytical-descriptive methodology has been adopted in this article and the related data have been gathered from libraries and existing documents. The most important achievement of this study is that a number of musical works have attained a symbolic and spiritual format and have drawn the attention of people toward the supernatural world. Also, many musical instruments have been a symbol of spirituality. Mystical figures, in their musical works, have taken into consideration the manifestations of God Almighty

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23392_17bf10483c4a1a9a3719c01732f06d9e.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Study of Roots of Thoughts of Ghazali on the Topic of Spirit Study of Roots of Thoughts of Ghazali on the Topic of Spirit 55 74 23393 FA Journal Article Emam Mohammad Ghazali is one of the main thinkers of the World of Islam and two of his books, including “Kimiaye Sa’adat” are the most important books on Islamic ethics and mysticism. The mentioned book covers mystical and ethical thoughts. The ethics considered by Ghazali is based upon religious ethics, which has its roots in Holy Quran. The topic of spirit is one of the most important ethical and mystical topics which Ghazali has studied in his mentioned book. In this study, we elaborate on the issue of spirit in the viewpoint of Ghazali, and we intend to study the roots of his viewpoints. Ghazali was evidently influenced by a number of thinkers and mystical figures such as Avicenna, Abu-Taleb Macci, and Qoshiri. This analytical-descriptive article researches on the views of Ghazali about the spirit in relation to his aforementioned book. Obviously, the study of all of the ideological foundations of an author is not possible. However, research in this regard can relatively reveal the foundation of his ideas and thoughts Emam Mohammad Ghazali is one of the main thinkers of the World of Islam and two of his books, including “Kimiaye Sa’adat” are the most important books on Islamic ethics and mysticism. The mentioned book covers mystical and ethical thoughts. The ethics considered by Ghazali is based upon religious ethics, which has its roots in Holy Quran. The topic of spirit is one of the most important ethical and mystical topics which Ghazali has studied in his mentioned book. In this study, we elaborate on the issue of spirit in the viewpoint of Ghazali, and we intend to study the roots of his viewpoints. Ghazali was evidently influenced by a number of thinkers and mystical figures such as Avicenna, Abu-Taleb Macci, and Qoshiri. This analytical-descriptive article researches on the views of Ghazali about the spirit in relation to his aforementioned book. Obviously, the study of all of the ideological foundations of an author is not possible. However, research in this regard can relatively reveal the foundation of his ideas and thoughts

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23393_3c79e6d1c5a0a06382b27b1bc66da3ff.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Multilateral Personalities in âThree Drops of Bloodâ, âBlind Owlâ, âPrince Ihtejabâ, and âHereafterâ Multilateral Personalities in âThree Drops of Bloodâ, âBlind Owlâ, âPrince Ihtejabâ, and âHereafterâ 75 108 23394 FA Journal Article Characters play a pivotal role in the events displayed by an anecdote. Personas are in fact the main pillars of the story and developments revolve round characters’ behavior, remarks, and thoughts. In critical study of any anecdote, the main element of the story is assessed and analyzed which is the characters. Hence, the story is synonymous to the acts and thoughts of characters, which are developed and displayed within the framework of the story’s plot. In contemporary Iranian stories; multilateral characters have been created by Sadeq Hedayat in his literary works, namely Three Drops of Blood and The Blind Owl, while this approach has been copied by other authors. In the majority of works which have been under the influence of Hedayat’s book Blind Owl, multilateral personalities are evident. This study has analyzed personalities in the books Blind Owl and Three Drops of Blood, penned by Sadeq Hedayat, in addition to Prince Ihtejab penned by Hushang Golshiri, and ‘Hereafter’ written by Bahram Sadeqi Characters play a pivotal role in the events displayed by an anecdote. Personas are in fact the main pillars of the story and developments revolve round characters’ behavior, remarks, and thoughts. In critical study of any anecdote, the main element of the story is assessed and analyzed which is the characters. Hence, the story is synonymous to the acts and thoughts of characters, which are developed and displayed within the framework of the story’s plot. In contemporary Iranian stories; multilateral characters have been created by Sadeq Hedayat in his literary works, namely Three Drops of Blood and The Blind Owl, while this approach has been copied by other authors. In the majority of works which have been under the influence of Hedayat’s book Blind Owl, multilateral personalities are evident. This study has analyzed personalities in the books Blind Owl and Three Drops of Blood, penned by Sadeq Hedayat, in addition to Prince Ihtejab penned by Hushang Golshiri, and ‘Hereafter’ written by Bahram Sadeqi

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23394_e836b5ebd3143577c69cda6109cc209e.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Combination of Frameworks and Interactions in Farsi Poetry Combination of Frameworks and Interactions in Farsi Poetry 109 128 23395 FA Journal Article IN Farsi language, at times two frameworks are blended with each other and interactions refer to the level of fulfilling effects resulting from this combination. This combination of frameworks is based on three general role models: 1- Change of framework in poems, without changing the rhythm; 2- change of rhythm within the framework; and 3- Change of rhythm and framework of the poem. The topic of importance in this article is the analysis of these types of changes in different genres and the mutual impact of two genres on each other and this development’s fulfilling role on the fiber of the poetry. For this purpose, the works, with a combined framework, throughout the history of Farsi literature and the related examples have been presented. Meanwhile, important results have been attained from the terms of interaction among combined poems and incoherence of a number of these blended poems. The article concludes that the artistic skill of poet is in perception of the emotional capacity of each framework and bedding, prior to its combination with other genres, which directly impacts the level of acceptance of the new framework and its fulfilling effect IN Farsi language, at times two frameworks are blended with each other and interactions refer to the level of fulfilling effects resulting from this combination. This combination of frameworks is based on three general role models: 1- Change of framework in poems, without changing the rhythm; 2- change of rhythm within the framework; and 3- Change of rhythm and framework of the poem. The topic of importance in this article is the analysis of these types of changes in different genres and the mutual impact of two genres on each other and this development’s fulfilling role on the fiber of the poetry. For this purpose, the works, with a combined framework, throughout the history of Farsi literature and the related examples have been presented. Meanwhile, important results have been attained from the terms of interaction among combined poems and incoherence of a number of these blended poems. The article concludes that the artistic skill of poet is in perception of the emotional capacity of each framework and bedding, prior to its combination with other genres, which directly impacts the level of acceptance of the new framework and its fulfilling effect

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23395_641e0c2c35e72adecd8639eb76ebfa18.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Role of Verb in Anecdoteâs Elements Role of Verb in Anecdoteâs Elements 129 154 23396 FA Journal Article This article analyzes the function of the verb in the elements of anecdote and narrations. Efforts have been made to show the importance of verb in narration’s grammar, and its relations with anecdotal elements. Study of the fundamental concepts of narrations, especially the new classifications of narration verbs is one of the goals of this project. In this study, some of the structural elements of the story; such as the plot, tone, and characters have been assessed with due regard to verbs. By assessment of view of experts in this domain; efforts have been made to present new genres of anecdotes to the related addressees. The tenses of the verb and their dual roles in grammar and narration have been taken into consideration. Efforts have been made to present examples of anecdotes; and to show how the authors have dealt with particular tenses of the verb; while elaborating on the benefits and restrictions of each of them in relation to the story’s persona, and the rhetoric within the narration. This article analyzes the function of the verb in the elements of anecdote and narrations. Efforts have been made to show the importance of verb in narration’s grammar, and its relations with anecdotal elements. Study of the fundamental concepts of narrations, especially the new classifications of narration verbs is one of the goals of this project. In this study, some of the structural elements of the story; such as the plot, tone, and characters have been assessed with due regard to verbs. By assessment of view of experts in this domain; efforts have been made to present new genres of anecdotes to the related addressees. The tenses of the verb and their dual roles in grammar and narration have been taken into consideration. Efforts have been made to present examples of anecdotes; and to show how the authors have dealt with particular tenses of the verb; while elaborating on the benefits and restrictions of each of them in relation to the story’s persona, and the rhetoric within the narration.

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23396_229b98b8f89fc6c194aa8bdb0b4b8c55.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Source of Inspiration for Amaq Poetry Source of Inspiration for Amaq Poetry 155 172 23397 FA Journal Article This article initially studies viewpoints of the past generations and contemporaries about the study of poetry; while later studying the poems of Amaq, based on the theories of psychologists on the impact of subconscious mind on writing poems and receiving poetical inspirations. The past generations believed that poets are inspired to write poems via invisible creatures. Contemporary psychology and literary criticism considers poet’s subconscious mind as the source of inspiration. The factors behind poetical inspiration; whether internal or external, are more active in sleep. The needs which have been driven toward the subconscious mind, display themselves within the framework of dreams, revealing the secrets embedded in the subconscious mind. Amaq, like many poets, claims that many of his poems are rooted in his dreams. His subconscious mind, which is considered as the source of inspiration behind his poetry maintains a diverse range of manifestations. The topic, form and the main pattern of odes, which are cited from the source of inspiration; highly resemble each other. This article initially studies viewpoints of the past generations and contemporaries about the study of poetry; while later studying the poems of Amaq, based on the theories of psychologists on the impact of subconscious mind on writing poems and receiving poetical inspirations. The past generations believed that poets are inspired to write poems via invisible creatures. Contemporary psychology and literary criticism considers poet’s subconscious mind as the source of inspiration. The factors behind poetical inspiration; whether internal or external, are more active in sleep. The needs which have been driven toward the subconscious mind, display themselves within the framework of dreams, revealing the secrets embedded in the subconscious mind. Amaq, like many poets, claims that many of his poems are rooted in his dreams. His subconscious mind, which is considered as the source of inspiration behind his poetry maintains a diverse range of manifestations. The topic, form and the main pattern of odes, which are cited from the source of inspiration; highly resemble each other.

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23397_43514321536f88cdbe57368daaa688fd.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Bulk Poetry Statement; Statement or Poetry? Bulk Poetry Statement; Statement or Poetry? 173 192 23398 FA Journal Article In this project, the statement of bulk poetry has been studies based on structural, goal-oriented, and cognitive aspects. In regard to structural aspect, this statement, via blending two literary and referential roles of language, has become further apart from the ultimate goal behind the presentation of the statement. Role-wise, this statement has neglected one of the two main elements shaping the text; being its coherence, obstructing the conveyance of meaning to readers’ mindset. Cognitive-wise, the said statement has violated the gestalt principles, which shape conceptual metaphors, obstructing the formation of logic, as the basis of criticism. Ultimately, the article’s authors discussed and studied the considered text in the presence of literary and ordinary metaphors and/or absence of metaphors In this project, the statement of bulk poetry has been studies based on structural, goal-oriented, and cognitive aspects. In regard to structural aspect, this statement, via blending two literary and referential roles of language, has become further apart from the ultimate goal behind the presentation of the statement. Role-wise, this statement has neglected one of the two main elements shaping the text; being its coherence, obstructing the conveyance of meaning to readers’ mindset. Cognitive-wise, the said statement has violated the gestalt principles, which shape conceptual metaphors, obstructing the formation of logic, as the basis of criticism. Ultimately, the article’s authors discussed and studied the considered text in the presence of literary and ordinary metaphors and/or absence of metaphors

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23398_9eb8eff225298ae9cdc871bff8b16b7d.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Literary Research 1735-2932 8 34 2012 05 21 Latent Influence of Story of Hazrat Solomon on 189th Ode of Hafezâ Divan of Poetry Latent Influence of Story of Hazrat Solomon on 189th Ode of Hafezâ Divan of Poetry 193 215 23399 FA Journal Article This study revolves round the assumption that ayahs and story of Hazrat Solomon in Naml Surah have been a role model for the prominent Iranian poet, Hafez, in writing his 189th ode; such that the word bird in this ode in fact refers to Hoopoe, and Tazaru is a reference to Queen Sheeba. The current analytical-descriptive article, on the basis of literary studies, compares the mentioned ode of Hafez with the story of Solomon in Holy Quran, especially in Naml Surah; concluding that Hafez in composing this ode has been influenced by the ayahs and story of Solomon; and his poems are in fact an interpretation of Quranic concepts. Through being influenced by Holy Quran and its exegesis, Hafez has made a bond between his poetry and divine revelations; adding a spiritual and divine aspect to this poems. Upon establishment of the bond between the odes and ayahs on Hazrat Solomon, a new set of meanings and concepts have been perceived from this ode. Obviously, based on this approach, one can better understand the in-depth Quranic thoughts of Hafez. This study revolves round the assumption that ayahs and story of Hazrat Solomon in Naml Surah have been a role model for the prominent Iranian poet, Hafez, in writing his 189th ode; such that the word bird in this ode in fact refers to Hoopoe, and Tazaru is a reference to Queen Sheeba. The current analytical-descriptive article, on the basis of literary studies, compares the mentioned ode of Hafez with the story of Solomon in Holy Quran, especially in Naml Surah; concluding that Hafez in composing this ode has been influenced by the ayahs and story of Solomon; and his poems are in fact an interpretation of Quranic concepts. Through being influenced by Holy Quran and its exegesis, Hafez has made a bond between his poetry and divine revelations; adding a spiritual and divine aspect to this poems. Upon establishment of the bond between the odes and ayahs on Hazrat Solomon, a new set of meanings and concepts have been perceived from this ode. Obviously, based on this approach, one can better understand the in-depth Quranic thoughts of Hafez.

https://lire.modares.ac.ir/article_23399_3e2309f10cc986e761d11632be29f3ad.pdf